The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is a set of security requirements introduced by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC) to protect card information from theft or fraud. Since its 2004 inception, PCI DSS has undergone multiple revisions due to the many challenges posed by the evolving sophistication of cybersecurity threats.
The latest and most comprehensive iteration is PCI DSS 4.0. Released in March 2022, it contains 64 requirements, 13 of which are already in effect. The other 51 “future-dated” requirements are classified as best practices and will come into effect in April 2025.
Understanding the 2025 mandated controls of PCI DSS 4.0
PCI DSS 4.0 is designed to be a two-phase implementation. The first phase required organizations to update their documentation guides and complete self-assessment questionnaires. For the second, more complex phase, PCI DSS expects organizations to comply with a new set of requirements. Let’s explore some mandatory controls that organizations must deploy before March 31, 2025:
Web application Firewall
In 2023, researchers tracked more than 18 billion attacks against public-facing web applications. The reason is simple: web applications are inadequately coded, contain design flaws, have configuration errors, and frequently store sensitive financial information.
PCI DSS specifically requires organizations to deploy an on-premises or a cloud-based web application firewall in front of public-facing web applications to inspect all traffic and to continually detect and prevent web-based attacks.
The requirement further states that the solution must be actively running, must be up to date, must generate audit logs, and must be configured to block web-based attacks or generate alerts that can be immediately investigated.
Anti-phishing mechanisms
Phishing is one of the most common threats across the retail industry. Threat actors attack retailers because they store valuable consumer information such as home addresses and phone numbers, bank accounts, and credit and debit card information. The FBI recently warned about threat actors phishing the employees of national retailers to gain unauthorized access to corporate systems.
Requirement 5.4.1 of the PCI DSS framework specifically requires organizations to deploy processes and automated mechanisms to detect and protect individuals against phishing attacks. This includes leveraging anti-spoofing mechanisms such as domain-based message authentication (DMARC), sender policy framework (SPF), DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) to prevent spoofing, and the use of link scrubbers and server-side anti-malware solutions. PCI DSS also recommends regular security awareness training to help personnel recognize and report phishing attacks.
Replay-resistant multifactor authentication (MFA)
MFA is an effective measure against various types of phishing attacks involving credential compromise. That said, traditional MFA is itself vulnerable to replay attacks (a.k.a. adversary-in-the-middle attacks) where adversaries intercept messages between senders and receivers and then retransmit the message with malicious intent.
PCI DSS Requirement 8.5.1 now requires that organizations implement an MFA system that is not vulnerable to replay attacks, which requires at least two different types of authentication factors before access is granted, and which cannot be bypassed by any user unless a specific exception is granted by management.
Replacing disk-level or partition-level encryption
Disk-level and partition-level encryption usually involves encrypting the entire disk or partition with the same key. When the system is running or when a user requests it, all the data is automatically decrypted. As a result, disk-level encryption is not an effective method for preventing attackers from accessing primary account numbers (PAN) stored on laptops, servers, and storage arrays, as the data is decrypted instantly upon successful user authentication.
Requirement 3.5.1.2 specifies that disk-level or partition-level encryption must be either replaced or implemented to render PAN unreadable. PAN should only be decrypted when there is a legitimate business need to access it.
12-character passwords
Passwords are the primary mode of authentication and the first line of defense in any organization. In the previous version of PCI DSS (v3.2.1), the minimum prescribed length for passwords was seven characters.
However, seven-character passwords can be cracked in a matter of a few hours. As a result, PCI DSS v4.0 requires organizations to update their authentication systems to accommodate for a minimum of 12-character passwords that contain alphanumeric characters.
If the system cannot support 12-character passwords, then organizations are required to implement a minimum of eight. Additionally, passwords should not be hard coded anywhere and application and system account passwords must be changed periodically (8.6.3).
Automated log analysis
Detecting anomalies and malware by sifting through system logs is often an arduous task. This difficulty arises from various factors, including the overwhelming number of security tools that need to be investigated, the sheer volume of security data generated by these tools, and the limited availability of security personnel.
To overcome this obstacle, v4.0 now requires organizations to implement log harvesting, parsing, and alerting tools such as security information and event management (SIEM). This should deliver a repeatable, consistent, and automated log review process, improving the ability to identify suspicious or anomalous activities.
The above list is not the comprehensive set of requirements. Version 4.0 puts great emphasis on periodic risk assessments and reviews of systems, tools, user accounts, processes, security awareness programs, and more.
The 2025 compliance deadline is fast approaching, and non-compliance can potentially cost organizations millions in fines and penalties. Review these requirements with care or better yet, reach out to security and compliance experts (implementers) and consultants if you haven’t already done so.
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